Key developments from other labs and the pharmaceutical industry allowed for the large-scale commercial production of insulin by the end of 1923 ( 1). Collip, a visiting biochemist, joined the group and provided the expertise needed to purify the active glucose-lowering component from the extracts, leading to the first successful test of insulin in a 14-year-old boy with diabetes, Leonard Thompson, in January 1922. Banting, assisted by summer student Charles Best, began to accumulate evidence that these extracts worked. Banting, a 22-year-old physician and surgeon, to work in his laboratory to test his ideas on pancreatic extracts for reducing blood glucose in diabetic dogs. In 1921, Macleod accepted a proposal by Frederick G. The discovery of insulin is attributed to a group at the University of Toronto led by J. The 100 th anniversary of the discovery and commercial availability of insulin as a treatment for diabetes is approaching. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of various insulins illustrate the effects of these modifications. Varying the insulin formulation and the insulin molecule to affect hexamer formation is a key to speeding or slowing the absorption of injected insulin into the circulation. The time-action profiles of insulins and formulations have been intentionally modified to more closely mimic the endogenous insulin response.Įndogenous insulin in the pancreas forms hexamers–6 insulin molecules held together by intermolecular interactions and zinc ions–which dissolve into active monomers in the blood stream. Therapeutic insulin has evolved from a crude extract of animal pancreas to recombinant human insulin and insulin analogs. Insulin has been available for the treatment of diabetes for almost 100 years. An understanding of how various insulins and formulations were designed to solve the challenges of insulin replacement will assist clinicians in meeting the needs of their individual patients. This has resulted in rapid-acting, short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting insulins, as well as mixtures and concentrated formulations. We discuss how the biochemical properties of endogenous insulin were exploited to either shorten or extend the time-action profiles of injectable insulins by varying the pharmacokinetics (time for appearance of insulin in the blood after injection) and pharmacodynamics (time-dependent changes in blood sugar after injection). Insulin and insulin formulations had to be designed to produce either a constant low basal level of insulin or the spikes of insulin released in response to meals. Modifications of the insulin formulation and of the insulin molecule itself have made it possible to approximate the natural endogenous insulin response. Insulin has gone from poorly defined extracts of animal pancreata to pure and precisely controlled formulations that can be prescribed and administered with high accuracy and predictability of action. Combination insulins, that mix together different types, for example, rapid-acting insulin with intermediate-acting insulin, are also available.Insulin has been available for the treatment of diabetes for almost a century, and the variety of insulin choices today represents many years of discovery and innovation. Insulins are typically classified as rapid-acting, regular or short-acting, intermediate-acting, long-acting, and ultra-long acting. Biosimilars can be used in place of brand name insulins and usually cost less. It is easier to predict how fast and how quickly they will be absorbed (taken up by the cells in the body) and how long they will last. Insulin analogs are better than standard human insulin at mimicking natural insulin release. Insulin is available as synthetic human insulin (made in a laboratory but resembles naturally occurring human insulin), insulin analogs (human insulin that has been genetically modified), and biosimilars. Insulin may also be given to pregnant women who develop a type of diabetes during pregnancy called gestational diabetes. Insulin is mostly used to treat type 1 diabetes but can be used in people with type 2 diabetes if insulin levels remain low despite the use of other types of medications. Naturally occurring human insulin is made by beta cells within the pancreas, but people with diabetes have little or no natural insulin release. Its main role is to allow cells throughout the body to uptake glucose (sugar) and convert it into a form that can be used by these cells for energy. Insulin is a hormone that is produced naturally in our bodies.
0 kommentar(er)
